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src/middleware/errorHandler.js

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+const { logger } = require('../utils/logger');
+
+exports.errorHandler = async (ctx, next) => {
+  try {
+    await next();
+  } catch (err) {
+    logger.error('Request error:', err);
+
+    ctx.status = err.status || 500;
+    ctx.body = {
+      error: {
+        message: err.message || 'Internal server error',
+        status: ctx.status,
+        timestamp: new Date().toISOString()
+      }
+    };
+
+    // Emit error for potential monitoring
+    ctx.app.emit('error', err, ctx);
+  }
+};

src/middleware/rateLimiter.js

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+const { RedisClient } = require('../utils/redis');
+const { logger } = require('../utils/logger');
+
+const RATE_LIMIT_WINDOW = 60; // 1 minute window
+const MAX_REQUESTS = 100;     // Maximum requests per window
+
+exports.rateLimiter = async (ctx, next) => {
+  const apiKey = ctx.get('X-API-Key');
+  if (!apiKey) {
+    ctx.status = 401;
+    ctx.body = { error: 'API key required' };
+    return;
+  }
+
+  const key = `ratelimit:${apiKey}`;
+  
+  try {
+    const [requests] = await RedisClient
+      .multi()
+      .incr(key)
+      .expire(key, RATE_LIMIT_WINDOW)
+      .exec();
+
+    const requestCount = requests[1];
+
+    ctx.set('X-RateLimit-Limit', MAX_REQUESTS);
+    ctx.set('X-RateLimit-Remaining', Math.max(0, MAX_REQUESTS - requestCount));
+
+    if (requestCount > MAX_REQUESTS) {
+      ctx.status = 429;
+      ctx.body = { error: 'Rate limit exceeded' };
+      return;
+    }
+
+    await next();
+  } catch (error) {
+    logger.error('Rate limiter error:', error);
+    await next(); // Proceed even if rate limiting fails
+  }
+};